Torque allocation of four-wheel drive EVs considering tire slip energy

Reducing the Motor Power Losses of a Four-Wheel Drive Fully Electric Vehicle via Wheel Torque Allocation

Individually-controlled electric motors provide opportunities for enhancing the handling characteristics and energy efficiency of fully electric vehicles. Online power loss minimisation schemes based on electric motor efficiency data may, however, be impractical for real-time implementation due to the heavy computational demand. In this paper, the optimal wheel torque distribution for minimal p...

Type-2 Fuzzy Braking-Torque Electronic Stability Control for Four-Wheel Independent Drive Electric Vehicles

The electronic stability control (ESC) system is one of the most important active safety systems in vehicles. Here, we intend to improve the Electronic stability of four in-wheel motor drive electric vehicles. We will design an electronic stability control system based on Type-2 fuzzy logic controller. Since, Type-2 fuzzy controller has uncertainty in input interval furthermore of output fuzzin...

An Acceleration Slip Regulation Strategy for Four-Wheel Drive Electric Vehicles Based on Sliding Mode Control

This paper presents an acceleration slip regulation (ASR) system for four-wheel drive (4WD) electric vehicles, which are driven by the front and rear axles simultaneously. The ASR control strategy includes three control modes: average distribution of inter-axle torque, optimal distribution of inter-axle torque and independent control of optimal slip rate, respectively, which are designed based ...

Assessment of Dynamic Load Equations Through Drive Wheel Slip Measurement

Many parameters such as dynamic load of tractor drive wheels influence the traction of tractors. An increase in dynamic load of drive wheel increases the net traction, but excess dynamic load decreases the tractive efficiency that must be avoided. Development of tractor-mounted implements due to good maneuvering and weight transfer from front axle to rear axle led to effective performance of tr...

Four - wheel drive vehicle crash involvement patterns